Examining the Role of Online Uncivil Discussion and Ideological Extremity on Illegal Protest

In recent years, there has been an increased academic interest revolving around the beneficial or pernicious effects of ideological extremity and (uncivil) political discussion over democracy. For instance, citizens’ predispositions higher levels have linked with a more active vibrant life. fact, uncivil foster institutionalized engagement. However, less explored in literature remains whether such polarization discussions may be related to unlawful behavior as illegal protest. This study contends that one main drivers protest lies online discussion, specifically through normalization activation further incivility. We tested this two-wave panel data drawn from diverse US sample cross-sectional, lagged, autoregressive regression models. Mediation analysis was also conducted test mediated relationship between frequency Overall, we found particularly associated while other forms offline seemed no effect on time.